Grand-Parentage testing is employed when a sample from the alleged father is unavailable, allowing for the comparison of the child’s DNA with that of the alleged father's parents, specifically the child's paternal grandmother and/or grandfather. While testing can be conducted with just one grandparent, we highly recommend providing samples from both the grandmother and grandfather if possible to enhance the accuracy of the results. In cases where only one grandparent is accessible, we advise including a sample from the available grandparent along with the child’s mother to improve the statistical significance and minimize the potential for inconclusive findings. This testing method serves as a reliable means to establish familial connections and clarify biological relationships